Citations

Allison ‘Tootie’ Montana.  n.d. National Endowment for the Arts. https://www.arts.gov/honors/heritage/allison-tootie-montana.

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Boyanton, Megan Ulu-Lani. 2023. “What You Should Know About the Mardi Gras Indians.” Smithsonian Magazine, February 17, 2023. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/what-you-should-know-mardi-gras-indians-new-orleans-180981663/.

Evan, Freddie. 2022. “Congo Square - 64 Parishes.” 64 Parishes. November 23, 2022. https://64parishes.org/entry/congo-square.

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Lief, Shane and McCusker, John. 2019. Jockomo: The Native Roots of Mardi Gras Indians. Univ. Press of Mississippi.

“North Side Skull and Bone Gang’s Mardi Gras Morning Reminder: "You.” n.d. https://www.hnoc.org/publications/first-draft/north-side-skull-and-bone-gangs-mardi-gras-morning-reminder-you-next.

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Pat H. 2019. “Big Chief Tootie Montana.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNbhyac_cXI.

Sims, Martha C., and Martine Stephens. 2005. Living Folklore: Introduction to the Study of People and Their Traditions. 148-179  https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/271294/pdf. 

Smith, Michael P. “Behind the Lines: The Black Mardi Gras Indians and the New Orleans Second Line.” Black Music Research Journal 14, no. 1 (1994): 43–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/779458.

Smith, Michael. 2007. Mardi Gras Indians. Pelican Publishing.

The Historic New Orleans Collection. 2022. “In Conversation With Big Chiefs: Traditions and Music of Mardi Gras Indians.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ozoh3K7Hufc. 

Travelspective. 2017. “Insight | Black Feather Mardi Gras Indians.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhVj0I64qY8.

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VanSpanckeren, Kathryn. “The Mardi Gras Indian Song Cycle: A Heroic Tradition.” MELUS 16, no. 4 (1989): 41–56. https://doi.org/10.2307/467100.

Visit New Orleans. 2023. “Black Masking Indians: A Historical New Orleans Carnival Tradition.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsOxxz4h1rU. 

“The 9th Ward Black Hatchets Come Out on Mardi Gras Morning Feb. 21, 2023.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vi1l6eT5XmU.